Tukano is the collective name for a group of hunter-gatherer people who live in the southernmost area of Colombia, in the western Amazon. Within the Tukano group are some 20 sub-groups, who speak 20 different languages. The Tukano people live in a very inaccessible region of the Amazon, subject onlyrecently to the mining and resource extraction activities which have been ongoing in other parts of the Amazon for over a century. This area, bridging the headwaters of the Amazon river and the Orinoco river, boasts a large and diverse ecology, and many of these animals and plants are included in the diverse diet of the Tukano. Interestingly, there seems to be an entrenched system of population stability in Tukano groups. This system relies on rituals performed by the village shaman and the ingestion of forest plants which act as contraceptives. Unlike many of the archaeological cultures in Latin America, which seem to be constantly expanding until pressured by other groups to contract, the Tukano groups seem to have reached population equilibrium. Unfortunately for archaeologists, the high organic deposition and ever changing landscape of the rainforest make it difficult to locate archaeological sites in this area. It will require a great deal of research and exploration to further investigate the material heritage of the Tukano.